KPV

Premium KPV Research Peptide — High‑Purity α‑MSH Tripeptide Fragment for Laboratory Use

Product Overview

Premium KPV is a research‑grade synthetic tripeptide corresponding to the C‑terminal fragment (amino acids 11‑13) of alpha‑melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‑MSH). It is supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder in sealed vials. Each package contains ten vials, with each vial holding 10mg of the research compound. This product is manufactured exclusively for scientific investigation and in vitro laboratory experimentation.

Key Specifications at a Glance:

• Quantity: 10mg per vial, 10 vials per pack

• Form: Lyophilized (freeze‑dried) powder

• Purity: ≥99% verified by third‑party testing

• Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₃₀N₆O₄

• Molecular Mass: 426.55

• CAS Number: 148792-16-1

• Sequence: Lysine‑Proline‑Valine (K‑P‑V)

• Synonyms: α‑MSH(11‑13), Lys‑Pro‑Val

• Research Use Only: Not for human or animal consumption

Understanding KPV: The Research Context

KPV is a synthetic tripeptide consisting of three amino acids: lysine (K), proline (P), and valine (V). It represents the C‑terminal fragment of the 13‑amino acid peptide alpha‑melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‑MSH). This tripeptide fragment has been the subject of research interest because it retains certain biological activities of the full‑length α‑MSH molecule while being significantly smaller and structurally simpler.

Key Research Interests:

• Anti‑inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms

• NF‑κB pathway inhibition and cytokine regulation

• Cell culture investigations of peptide fragments

• Structure‑activity relationship (SAR) studies

• Intestinal barrier function and epithelial signaling

Researchers utilize KPV in controlled laboratory settings to study the anti‑inflammatory properties of α‑MSH fragments. The tripeptide is of particular interest to investigators focused on inflammation biology, immunology, and the fundamental mechanisms of peptide‑receptor interactions independent of classical melanocortin receptors.

The Significance of the α‑MSH C‑Terminal Fragment:
Alpha‑melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‑MSH) is a 13‑amino acid peptide with the full sequence Ac‑Ser‑Tyr‑Ser‑Met‑Glu‑His‑Phe‑Arg‑Trp‑Gly‑Lys‑Pro‑Val. Research has shown that the C‑terminal tripeptide KPV (Lys‑Pro‑Val) retains certain biological properties of the full‑length molecule, particularly anti‑inflammatory activities, while lacking melanotropic (pigmentation) effects. This makes KPV a valuable research tool for:

• Identifying which activities of α‑MSH are mediated by different structural domains

• Studying peptide fragments as minimal active sequences

• Investigating receptor‑independent or alternative signaling mechanisms

KPV in the Context of the α‑MSH Peptide Family

Understanding KPV requires context within the larger α‑MSH peptide family.

Research Significance of the KPV Fragment:
The KPV tripeptide has been studied as a minimal active sequence that retains anti‑inflammatory properties of full‑length α‑MSH. Specifically, research has focused on:

• Inhibition of pro‑inflammatory cytokine production

• NF‑κB pathway modulation

• Effects on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages

• Potential receptor‑independent mechanisms (via PepT1 transporter)

Unlike full‑length α‑MSH, which primarily signals through melanocortin receptors (MC1R‑MC5R), KPV has been studied for potential receptor‑independent mechanisms, including direct intracellular interactions and transport via peptide transporters.

Third‑Party Testing and Quality Assurance

Every batch of Premium KPV undergoes rigorous independent analytical testing to verify identity, purity, and consistency. This third‑party testing ensures that researchers receive a product that meets strict quality specifications before it is approved for release.

The testing process includes:

• Identity verification through mass spectrometry

• Purity analysis using high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

• Batch‑to‑batch consistency checks

• Residual solvent analysis to confirm complete lyophilization

With a verified purity of ≥99% as confirmed by HPLC, KPV meets the high standards required for serious laboratory research applications. Each vial contains only the lyophilized research compound with no unnecessary additives, fillers, or excipients. Batch‑specific Certificates of Analysis (CoA) are available upon request.

Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Characteristics

KPV is a linear tripeptide composed of three standard L‑amino acids: lysine, proline, and valine.

Detailed Molecular Information:

• Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₃₀N₆O₄

• Molecular Mass: 426.55 daltons

• CAS Number: 148792-16-1

• Sequence: H‑Lys‑Pro‑Val‑OH (Lysine‑Proline‑Valine)

• One‑Letter Code: KPV

• Three‑Letter Code: Lys‑Pro‑Val

• Purity: ≥99% (HPLC)

• Appearance: White to off‑white lyophilized powder

Amino Acid Properties:

Structural Features:

• Linear tripeptide (no cyclic structures)

• Contains a positively charged lysine residue at the N‑terminus

• Contains proline, which creates a kink in the peptide backbone

• Hydrophobic valine at the C‑terminus

• Free N‑terminus (H) and free C‑terminus (OH)

The small size of KPV (only 3 amino acids) makes it one of the smallest biologically active research peptides. Its molecular mass of 426.55 is significantly lower than most other research peptides, which typically range from 800 to 5000 daltons.

Physical Form and Storage

The product is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze‑dried) powder within a sterile, sealed vial. Lyophilization preserves the chemical integrity of the peptide by removing water content while maintaining the compound’s structure.

Recommended Storage Conditions:

• Store lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below for long‑term preservation

• Protect from light exposure

• Keep desiccated to prevent moisture absorption

• Allow vial to reach room temperature before opening to avoid condensation

• Avoid repeated freeze‑thaw cycles once reconstituted

Stability Considerations:
KPV is generally stable when stored properly in lyophilized form. The absence of easily oxidized residues (such as methionine or tryptophan) contributes to its favorable stability profile. Lyophilized powder stored at -20°C remains stable for up to 24 months.

Once reconstituted with an appropriate sterile solvent, the solution should be used promptly according to laboratory protocols or stored at 2‑8°C for short‑term use.

Intended Use and Regulatory Status

Research Use Only

KPV is classified as a research chemical and is intended exclusively for laboratory and in vitro experimentation. This designation means the product is sold strictly for:

• In vitro testing — experiments conducted in controlled laboratory environments

• Cell culture studies — investigating anti‑inflammatory peptide fragment activities

• NF‑κB pathway research — studying cytokine and inflammatory signaling

• Intestinal epithelial cell investigations — barrier function and inflammation

• Analytical research — chemical analysis and characterization studies

• Scientific investigation — basic research into α‑MSH fragment structure and function

Important Regulatory Notice

This product is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical device. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. The product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals working in appropriate laboratory facilities.

The supplier is a chemical supplier, not a compounding pharmacy or outsourcing facility under Sections 503A or 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. All product information provided is for educational and research purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or clinical recommendations.

Handling and Safety Guidelines

Professional Handling Required

KPV should only be handled by trained laboratory personnel wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including:

• Laboratory coat

• Nitrile gloves

• Safety goggles or face shield

• Appropriate respiratory protection if aerosolization is possible

Reconstitution Protocol

For laboratory use, the lyophilized powder should be reconstituted with a sterile, compatible solvent. Standard practice includes:

1. Allow the sealed vial to reach room temperature — approximately 15-30 minutes

2. Clean the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab

3. Add the calculated volume of solvent to achieve desired concentration

4. Gently swirl or roll the vial between palms — do not shake vigorously to avoid foaming

5. Allow complete dissolution before use — this typically takes 2-5 minutes

Reconstitution Example for KPV 10MG:
For researchers needing a 5mg/mL working solution, add 2mL of sterile solvent to the 10mg vial. For a 10mg/mL solution, add 1mL of solvent. For a 2mg/mL solution, add 5mL of solvent. Always verify calculations before proceeding with experiments.

Solvent Considerations:
KPV is water‑soluble due to the positively charged lysine residue. Researchers should determine the appropriate solvent based on their specific experimental protocol. Common options include sterile water for injection, bacteriostatic water, or buffered solutions such as phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS) at neutral pH.

Disposal Considerations

Dispose of KPV and any contaminated materials in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations for chemical waste disposal. Do not dispose of in regular trash or down drains unless permitted by local guidelines.

Research Applications

KPV is used in various laboratory research contexts, primarily focused on inflammation biology, immunomodulation, and cell signaling. Typical applications include:

Anti‑Inflammatory Mechanism Studies:
The primary research interest in KPV revolves around its anti‑inflammatory properties. Researchers use KPV to study:

• Modulation of pro‑inflammatory cytokine production (TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6)

• Inhibition of chemokine expression

• Suppression of inflammatory mediator release

• Regulation of inflammatory cell activation

NF‑κB Signaling Pathway Research:
KPV has been shown to inhibit NF‑κB activation, a central regulator of inflammatory responses. Research applications include:

• IκB‑α stabilization and prevention of p65 nuclear translocation

• Downstream gene expression changes

• Kinase pathway modulation (IKK complex)

• Transcription factor activity assays

Intestinal Epithelial Cell Studies:
KPV has been investigated for its effects on gut barrier function and inflammation. Research applications include:

• Intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

• Permeability and tight junction protein expression

• Epithelial cell responses to inflammatory stimuli

• Transport via PepT1 (peptide transporter)

Macrophage and Immune Cell Investigations:
Researchers use KPV in cell culture models to study:

• Macrophage polarization and cytokine secretion

• Mast cell activation and degranulation

• Neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative burst

• Anti‑inflammatory signaling in immune cells

Receptor‑Independent Mechanism Research:
Unlike full‑length α‑MSH, which primarily signals through melanocortin receptors, KPV has been studied for potential receptor‑independent mechanisms, including:

• Intracellular peptide transport via PepT1

• Direct modulation of intracellular signaling molecules

• Membrane interactions and effects

Structure‑Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis:
As a minimal tripeptide fragment of α‑MSH, KPV is valuable for:

• Identifying the smallest active sequence within larger peptides

• Understanding which anti‑inflammatory activities require the full α‑MSH structure

• Developing even smaller peptidomimetic compounds

Cell Culture Investigations:
KPV is used in controlled cell culture systems to study:

• Cellular responses to peptide treatment under inflammatory conditions

• Cytokine and chemokine expression profiles

• Cell viability and proliferation in inflammatory models

• Signaling pathway activation (MAPK, NF‑κB, PI3K/Akt)

Researchers should design their experimental protocols based on peer‑reviewed literature and established laboratory practices specific to α‑MSH fragments and anti‑inflammatory peptides.

What Makes This Product Different

Exceptionally Small Tripeptide Structure

With only 3 amino acids and a molecular mass of 426.55, KPV is significantly smaller than the vast majority of research peptides (which typically range from 7‑50 amino acids). This minimal size makes KPV valuable for studies investigating the smallest possible active sequences within larger bioactive peptides.

α‑MSH C‑Terminal Fragment

KPV corresponds to the C‑terminal fragment (positions 11‑13) of α‑MSH. While full‑length α‑MSH primarily signals through melanocortin receptors, KPV has been studied for distinct mechanisms that may be independent of these classical receptors, including transport via PepT1 and direct intracellular effects.

No Easily Oxidized Residues

Unlike many research peptides that contain methionine, tryptophan, or other oxidation‑prone residues, KPV consists of lysine, proline, and valine. These amino acids are generally resistant to oxidation, potentially contributing to enhanced stability compared to peptides containing more labile residues.

Well‑Characterized Anti‑Inflammatory Activity

KPV has been the subject of numerous studies investigating its ability to inhibit NF‑κB activation and reduce pro‑inflammatory cytokine production, providing a strong foundation for experimental design.

Rigorous Quality Control

Unlike research chemicals sold without verification, KPV comes with documented third‑party testing for every batch, including HPLC purity analysis and mass spectrometry identity confirmation.

Batch Traceability

Each package of KPV includes batch identification numbers that allow researchers to trace their material back to original manufacturing and testing records. This traceability is essential for reproducible research and quality documentation.

Frequently Asked Questions for Researchers

What is the purity level of KPV?

Each batch is tested to verify purity of ≥99% via HPLC, with identity confirmed by mass spectrometry. Individual certificates of analysis are available upon request.

What is the significance of the CAS number 148792-16-1?

The CAS number is a unique identifier for the KPV tripeptide, allowing researchers to verify they are working with the correct chemical compound when ordering or referencing the peptide in publications.

What is the amino acid sequence of KPV?

The sequence is Lysine‑Proline‑Valine, abbreviated as KPV (one‑letter code) or Lys‑Pro‑Val (three‑letter code).

How does KPV relate to α‑MSH?

KPV corresponds to the C‑terminal tripeptide (positions 11‑13) of the 13‑amino acid alpha‑melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‑MSH). It represents a minimal fragment of the larger peptide.

How does KPV differ from full‑length α‑MSH?

Full‑length α‑MSH is a 13‑amino acid peptide that primarily signals through melanocortin receptors (MC1R‑MC5R). KPV is a 3‑amino acid fragment that has been studied for anti‑inflammatory activities that may be independent of classical melanocortin receptor signaling.

Why is the small size of KPV significant for research?

The small size of KPV makes it valuable for identifying minimal active sequences within larger bioactive peptides. Understanding which activities are retained by small fragments versus requiring the full peptide structure provides insights into structure‑activity relationships.

How should the lyophilized powder be stored?

Store at -20°C or below, protected from light and moisture. KPV is generally stable due to the absence of easily oxidized residues. Avoid repeated freeze‑thaw cycles once reconstituted.

What solvent should be used for reconstitution?

KPV is water‑soluble. Common options include sterile water for injection, bacteriostatic water, or buffered solutions such as PBS at neutral pH.

Is this product sterile?

The lyophilized powder is manufactured under aseptic conditions, but researchers should follow standard laboratory practices for handling research chemicals. For cell culture applications, additional filtration using a 0.22‑micron filter may be appropriate.

What research applications is KPV used for?

KPV is studied in anti‑inflammatory mechanism research, NF‑κB pathway inhibition, cytokine regulation, intestinal epithelial barrier studies, and macrophage/immune cell investigations in laboratory cell culture and research models.

Can KPV be used in combination with other research peptides?

Researchers should determine compatibility based on their specific experimental design. Standard laboratory practice includes testing interactions in control experiments before full‑scale implementation.

Final Notes for Laboratory Researchers

Premium KPV represents a high‑purity research tool for qualified professionals conducting legitimate scientific investigations into anti‑inflammatory mechanisms, cytokine regulation, α‑MSH fragments, and related immunological fields. With documented third‑party testing, complete chemical specifications, and appropriate packaging for laboratory use, this product meets the standards expected by serious researchers.

The 10mg vial size is optimized for cell culture studies, NF‑κB pathway assays, and dose‑response experiments. As a minimal tripeptide fragment of α‑MSH, KPV offers unique research opportunities for studying structure‑activity relationships and identifying the smallest active sequences within larger bioactive peptides.

For research use only. Not for human or animal consumption. Handle only in appropriate laboratory facilities with proper safety equipment and training.