Premium SS-31 Research Peptide — High-Purity Mitochondrial‑Targeted Peptide for Laboratory Use

Product Overview

Premium SS‑31 (also known as Elamipretide) is a research‑grade synthetic tetrapeptide that specifically targets the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder in sealed vials. Each package contains ten vials, with each vial holding 10mg of the research compound. This product is manufactured exclusively for scientific investigation and in vitro laboratory experimentation.

Key Specifications at a Glance:

• Quantity: 10mg per vial, 10 vials per pack

• Form: Lyophilized (freeze‑dried) powder

• Purity: ≥98% verified by third‑party testing

• Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

• Molecular Mass: 699.9

• CAS Number: 736169-75-4

• Sequence: D-Arg‑dimethylTyr‑Lys‑Phe‑NH₂

• Synonyms: Elamipretide, MTP‑131, Bendavia

• Research Use Only: Not for human or animal consumption

Understanding SS‑31: The Research Context

SS‑31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide designed to selectively localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Unlike many research peptides that target cell surface receptors, SS‑31 is engineered to interact with cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This targeting allows researchers to study mitochondrial function, electron transport chain activity, and cellular bioenergetics at the organelle level.

Key Research Interests:

• Mitochondrial bioenergetics and ATP production

• Electron transport chain (ETC) efficiency

• Reduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)

• Cardiolipin binding and membrane stabilization

• In vitro cell culture and isolated organelle studies

Researchers utilize SS‑31 in controlled laboratory settings to investigate mitochondrial biology, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. The peptide is of particular interest to investigators focused on mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular research.

The Significance of Mitochondrial Targeting:
Mitochondria are the primary sites of cellular energy production. Under pathological conditions, the electron transport chain can become inefficient, leading to excessive ROS production, reduced ATP synthesis, and cell death. SS‑31 is designed to:

• Bind to cardiolipin and stabilize the inner membrane

• Protect electron transport chain supercomplexes

• Reduce cytochrome c peroxidase activity

• Improve ATP synthesis efficiency while lowering oxidative stress

This targeted approach distinguishes SS‑31 from general antioxidants, making it a precise research tool for studying mitochondrial function.

Third‑Party Testing and Quality Assurance

Every batch of Premium SS‑31 undergoes rigorous independent analytical testing to verify identity, purity, and consistency. This third‑party testing ensures that researchers receive a product that meets strict quality specifications before it is approved for release.

The testing process includes:

• Identity verification through mass spectrometry

• Purity analysis using high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

• Batch‑to‑batch consistency checks

• Residual solvent analysis to confirm complete lyophilization

With a verified purity of ≥98% as confirmed by HPLC, SS‑31 meets the high standards required for serious laboratory research applications. Each vial contains only the lyophilized research compound with no unnecessary additives, fillers, or excipients. Batch‑specific Certificates of Analysis (CoA) are available upon request. SS-31

Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Characteristics

SS‑31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide with a unique amino acid composition that includes a non‑natural dimethyltyrosine residue. SS-31

Detailed Molecular Information:

• Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

• Molecular Mass: 699.9 daltons

• CAS Number: 736169-75-4

• Sequence: D‑Arg‑dimethylTyr‑Lys‑Phe‑NH₂ (all D‑amino acid configuration)

• Purity: ≥98% (HPLC)

• Appearance: White to off‑white lyophilized powder

Structural Features:

• Tetrapeptide (4 amino acids)

• Composed entirely of D‑amino acids (high stability against proteases)

• Contains a dimethylated tyrosine residue

• Amidated C‑terminus

• Positively charged at physiological pH (targets mitochondrial membrane)

The exclusive use of D‑amino acids gives SS‑31 exceptional resistance to enzymatic degradation, making it highly stable in biological environments compared to L‑peptides.

Physical Form and Storage

The product is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze‑dried) powder within a sterile, sealed vial. Lyophilization preserves the chemical integrity of the peptide by removing water content while maintaining the compound’s structure.

Recommended Storage Conditions:

• Store lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below for long‑term preservation

• Protect from light exposure

• Keep desiccated to prevent moisture absorption

• Allow vial to reach room temperature before opening to avoid condensation

• Avoid repeated freeze‑thaw cycles once reconstituted

Stability Considerations:
The all‑D‑amino acid composition makes SS‑31 exceptionally stable. Lyophilized powder stored at -20°C remains stable for up to 24 months. Once reconstituted in aqueous solution, the peptide retains activity for extended periods compared to L‑peptides due to resistance to proteases.

Once reconstituted with an appropriate sterile solvent, the solution should be used according to laboratory protocols. SS-31

Intended Use and Regulatory Status

Research Use Only

SS‑31 is classified as a research chemical and is intended exclusively for laboratory and in vitro experimentation. This designation means the product is sold strictly for:

• In vitro testing — experiments conducted in controlled laboratory environments

• Cell culture studies — investigating mitochondrial function and bioenergetics

• Isolated mitochondrial assays — studying electron transport chain activity

• Cardiolipin binding studies — membrane interaction research

• Oxidative stress research — ROS production and scavenging

• Analytical research — chemical analysis and characterization studies

• Scientific investigation — basic research into mitochondrial‑targeted peptides

Important Regulatory Notice

This product is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical device. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. The product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals working in appropriate laboratory facilities. SS-31

The supplier is a chemical supplier, not a compounding pharmacy or outsourcing facility under Sections 503A or 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. All product information provided is for educational and research purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or clinical recommendations. SS-31

Handling and Safety Guidelines

Professional Handling Required

SS‑31 should only be handled by trained laboratory personnel wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including:

• Laboratory coat

• Nitrile gloves

• Safety goggles or face shield

• Appropriate respiratory protection if aerosolization is possible

Reconstitution Protocol

For laboratory use, the lyophilized powder should be reconstituted with a sterile, compatible solvent. Standard practice includes:

1. Allow the sealed vial to reach room temperature — approximately 15-30 minutes

2. Clean the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab

3. Add the calculated volume of solvent to achieve desired concentration

4. Gently swirl or roll the vial between palms — do not shake vigorously to avoid foaming

5. Allow complete dissolution before use — this typically takes 2-5 minutes

Reconstitution Example for SS‑31 10MG:
For researchers needing a 5mg/mL working solution, add 2mL of sterile solvent to the 10mg vial. For a 10mg/mL solution, add 1mL of solvent. For a 2mg/mL solution, add 5mL of solvent. Always verify calculations before proceeding with experiments. SS-31

Solvent Considerations:
SS‑31 is water‑soluble. Researchers should determine the appropriate solvent based on their specific experimental protocol. Common options include sterile water for injection, bacteriostatic water, or buffered solutions such as phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS) at neutral pH. SS-31

Disposal Considerations

Dispose of SS‑31 and any contaminated materials in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations for chemical waste disposal. Do not dispose of in regular trash or down drains unless permitted by local guidelines. SS-31

Research Applications

SS‑31 is used in various laboratory research contexts, primarily focused on mitochondrial biology, bioenergetics, and oxidative stress. Typical applications include:

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Studies:
The primary research interest in SS‑31 revolves around its interaction with cardiolipin and the electron transport chain. Researchers use SS‑31 to study:

• Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in isolated mitochondria and cells

• ATP synthesis efficiency under normal and stress conditions

• Electron transport chain complex assembly and supercomplex stabilization

• Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) regulation

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Research:
SS‑31 has been shown to reduce mitochondrial ROS production without acting as a general antioxidant. Applications include:

• Measurement of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production

• Assessment of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA

• Study of ROS‑induced signaling pathways

• Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) modulation

Cardiolipin and Membrane Interactions:
SS‑31 specifically binds to cardiolipin, a signature phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Research applications include:

• Cardiolipin peroxidation protection

• Membrane curvature and stability studies

• Cytochrome c release and apoptosis pathways

• Mitochondrial cristae organization

Cell Culture Investigations:
Researchers use SS‑31 in controlled cell culture systems to study:

• Cellular ATP levels and metabolic flux

• Mitochondrial morphology (fusion/fission dynamics)

• Cell viability under oxidative or metabolic stress

• Signaling pathways downstream of mitochondrial function (AMPK, PGC‑1α)

Aging and Senescence Research:
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular aging. SS‑31 is used to investigate:

• Age‑related decline in mitochondrial respiration

• Senescence markers in aged cells

• Interventions that preserve mitochondrial function

Isolated Mitochondrial Assays:
For direct studies on mitochondrial function, researchers isolate mitochondria from tissues or cells and treat with SS‑31 to evaluate:

• Complex I‑driven respiration

• Complex II‑driven respiration

• Uncoupled respiration (maximal capacity)

• Calcium retention capacity (mPTP opening)

Researchers should design their experimental protocols based on peer‑reviewed literature and established laboratory practices specific to mitochondrial‑targeted peptides.

What Makes This Product Different

Mitochondrial‑Targeted Localization

Unlike many research peptides that act on cell surface receptors, SS‑31 is engineered to cross cell membranes and accumulate specifically in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This unique targeting mechanism allows researchers to study mitochondrial function directly and specifically.

All‑D‑Amino Acid Composition

SS‑31 is composed entirely of D‑amino acids, which are not recognized by most proteases. This gives the peptide exceptional stability in biological environments, allowing for extended incubation times and consistent results without degradation. SS-31 

Cardiolipin Binding

The peptide binds specifically to cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane. This binding stabilizes electron transport chain supercomplexes and protects against oxidative damage to membrane lipids. SS-31

Well‑Characterized Research History

SS‑31 has been extensively studied in research settings, with well‑defined mechanisms including cardiolipin interaction, ETC stabilization, and ROS reduction.

Rigorous Quality Control

Unlike research chemicals sold without verification, SS‑31 comes with documented third‑party testing for every batch, including HPLC purity analysis and mass spectrometry identity confirmation.

Batch Traceability

Each package of SS‑31 includes batch identification numbers that allow researchers to trace their material back to original manufacturing and testing records. This traceability is essential for reproducible research and quality documentation. SS-31

Frequently Asked Questions for Researchers

What is the purity level of SS‑31?

Each batch is tested to verify purity of ≥98% via HPLC, with identity confirmed by mass spectrometry. Individual certificates of analysis are available upon request.

What is the mechanism of action of SS‑31?

SS‑31 targets the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin. It stabilizes electron transport chain supercomplexes, improves ATP synthesis efficiency, and reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Why is SS‑31 made of D‑amino acids?

D‑amino acids are not recognized by proteases, making SS‑31 highly resistant to enzymatic degradation. This provides exceptional stability in biological environments and consistent experimental results. SS-31

What is the significance of the CAS number 736169-75‑4?

The CAS number is a unique identifier for SS‑31 (Elamipretide), allowing researchers to verify they are working with the correct chemical compound when ordering or referencing the peptide.

How should the lyophilized powder be stored?

Store at -20°C or below, protected from light and moisture. The all‑D‑amino acid composition provides excellent stability; lyophilized powder remains stable for up to 24 months. SS-31

What solvent should be used for reconstitution?

SS‑31 is water‑soluble. Common options include sterile water for injection, bacteriostatic water, or buffered solutions such as PBS at neutral pH. SS-31

Is this product sterile?

The lyophilized powder is manufactured under aseptic conditions, but researchers should follow standard laboratory practices. For cell culture applications, additional filtration using a 0.22‑micron filter may be appropriate. SS-31

What research applications is SS‑31 used for?

SS‑31 is studied in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, cardiolipin binding, electron transport chain function, and aging research in isolated mitochondria, cell culture, and research models.

Can SS‑31 be used in combination with other research peptides?

Researchers should determine compatibility based on their specific experimental design. Standard laboratory practice includes testing interactions in control experiments before full‑scale implementation. SS-31

Final Notes for Laboratory Researchers

Premium SS‑31 represents a high‑purity research tool for qualified professionals conducting legitimate scientific investigations into mitochondrial function, bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and related fields. With documented third‑party testing, complete chemical specifications, and appropriate packaging for laboratory use, this product meets the standards expected by serious researchers. SS-31

The 10mg vial size is optimized for cell culture studies, isolated mitochondrial assays, and dose‑response experiments requiring precise handling. As a mitochondrial‑targeted peptide with all‑D‑amino acid stability, SS‑31 offers unique research opportunities for studying mitochondrial biology at the organelle level. SS-31

For research use only. Not for human or animal consumption. Handle only in appropriate laboratory facilities with proper safety equipment and training. SS-31